International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management Essay Example for Free

International Journal of Retail Distribution Management Essay Introduction Sales promotion is the offer of an incentive to induce a desired sales result (Gilbert, 1999). For our purposes promotional techniques, within UK supermarkets, have been taken to be value increasing promotions (i. e. coupons and price deals) and value adding (i. e. premiums, prizes/contests/sweepstakes, samples, point of purchase display, demonstration and loyalty cards). Sales promotion consists of a wide variety of short-term tactical promotional tools aimed at generating a desired response from customers. Although there is a shift in marketing communications, away from advertising towards sales promotions, there is no consensus among researchers that sales promotions lead to repeat purchase. It is agreed, however, that price promotions can result in a short-term increase in sales (Smith and Sinha, 2000; Banks and Moorthy, 1999; Kopalle and Mela, 1999; Diamond, 1992; Gupta and Cooper, 1992; Bawa and Shoemaker, 1987). It is also important to note that studies of price promotions also show that customers who take advantage of a price promotion often return to their favourite brands (Ehrenberg et al. 1994; Brandweek, 1994). There is a large body of literature, which has examined consumer response to sales promotions, especially coupons (Krishna and Zhang, 1999; Huff and Alden, 1998; Leone and Srinivasan, 1996; Bawa and Shoemaker, 1987, 1989; Gupta, 1988, 1993; Blattberg and Neslin, 1990). Coupons and discounts are the most widely used promotional tools. However, relatively little research has focussed on value adding promotions. In coupon promotions retailers maintain the original price of the product and it is only coupon holders who are entitled to a discount. As buyers are not subject to a reduction in sales price there is no need for them to adjust their internal reference prices downwards, as is the case with discount promotions. Therefore, coupon promotions should be more attractive than discount promotions in improving the transaction value of the product. However, consumers must keep track of the coupons and produce them at the place of purchase. If consumers are used to utilising coupons then they are likely to have a more positive attitude towards them (Huff and Alden, 1998). Also, if a The authors D. C. Gilbert is Professor of Marketing and N. Jackaria is a Researcher, both at Surrey European Management School, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. Keywords Sales promotion, Retail trade, Food industry, Marketing Abstract UK supermarkets need to be able to assess the current efficacy of the budget they allocate to promotional activities aimed at boosting sales. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to investigate consumer response to the four different promotional deals most commonly used in UK supermarkets: coupons, price discounts, samples and buy-one-get-one-free. Multi discriminant analysis was used on a study of 160 respondents to analyse whether there was an association between the four consumer promotional approaches and respondents reported buying behaviour. The findings indicate that only price discount promotions proved to be statistically significant on consumers reported buying behaviour. Purchase acceleration and product trial are found to be the two most influential variables related to a discount. For buy-one-get-one-free, while the result is not significant, the two variables, brand switching and purchase acceleration are statistically significant.

Five Forces Analysis: Leisure, Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Five Forces Analysis: Leisure, Tourism and Hospitality Industry The tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry is defined, not in terms of the production of special types of goods and services, but in terms of the circumstances at which goods and services are consumed. Hence, the sale of a particular good or service to a tourist is tourist expenditure. As a result of this difference in concept, this industry overlaps the usual classification of the industries defined according to the goods or services they produce (Luck Lancaster, 2003) This research paper analyzes the tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry basing on the economic analysis tools by Porter, Porter (1980) proposed that firms benefit from the understanding of the forces which drive competition and the profitability in their industry, and he specifies that all firms should explicitly formulate a kind of competitor strategy. (Matthews, 2000) in order to understand the competition, a very competitive analysis should be undertaken. The Porters model is also referred to as the five forces competitive analysis. Generally the tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry has a unique business environment which affects all the competitors. According to Porter, five macro factors that influence the industry can be identified in relation to competition; (1) The bargaining power of the customers (buyers). This force shows the strength in the bargaining position, particularly the price, which the buyers have over their suppliers. (2) The bargaining power of the suppliers. The Suppliers, including the employees, influences the attractiveness and the profitability of the sector by increasing the prices (or the wages) thereby increasing the industrial costs and reducing the profit margins. Powerful suppliers are the organizations which control the supply of goods and services to the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry. (3) The threat from the new entrants. The threat from the new entrants is dependent upon the barriers to entry into the industry. This is based on the ability to generate the econom ies of scale and experience, the opportunities for the product differentiation, the amount of capital which is required to buy into the industry, and access the distribution channels. In the tourism, Leisure and Hospitality, there are low barriers to the entry in most sectors. (4) The threat of the substitutes. The Substitute industries which provide the competing product with offers that perform the same function. The Continual advancement in the technology keeps on changing the potential threat from the substitute products. For instance, the rapid development of the video-conferencing is a substitute product for the hotel meetings. Introduction The Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry is an identifiable and nationally important industry. This industry involves a wide cross section of the component activities which includes the provision of the transportation, accommodation, recreation, food, and the related services .Tourism refers to the provision of the transportation, accommodation, recreation, food, and the related services both for the domestic and the overseas travelers. It involves travelling for all purposes, including recreational and business. Hospitality and tourism are certainly two of the most widely used words in the fields of hotels, restaurants, travel, and related areas. Leisure is a sector that is growing rapidly, with the regular shows and events hosted regularly. Leisure is recognized as the essential factor which contributes to the demand for the tourism and recreation.( Kotler, Keller, 2006). Leisure is an important factor which contributes to supply. It is therefore the anticipation of leisure which is the operational demand factor, whereas the use of leisure is a factor of supply. The Leisure time is the fundamental resource that is input and consumed in the tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry. The leisure/entertainment events have created employment for thousands of people in a diverse range of roles. This is a multidimensional sector which provides a variety of services in the areas that include the corporate events such as the product launches, press conferences, corporate meetings and the conferences, the marketing programs; road shows and the grand opening events i.e special corporate hospitality events like the concerts, award cere monies, film premieres, launch/release parties, the fashion shows, commercial events, private events such as the weddings and other parties. The industry also includes fields such as the exhibitions, conferences and the seminars as well as the live music and the sporting events. This research paper analyzes and links the tourism, leisure and Hospitality industry through the provision of the creative, technical and the logistical insights. Methodology This research employed a web based survey in gathering data on the industrial analysis. I analyzed several theories that act as the strategic tools for analysis. The instrument was divided into two parts; The Descriptive Analysis, which describes the tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industrial analysis basing on Porters model of analysis. The Critical Analysis, which assesses the extent to which various factors identified by Porter influence the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry. The contexts for the study were based on the distinctive nature of the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry. Information was collected in the process of evaluation of the influences of the fundamental factors that determine the profitability: Industry structure, that determines the profitability of the average competitor and sustainable competitive advantage that allows a firm to outperform the average competitor (Porter, 1979). Analysis of selected industry This paper examines the five forces which impact competitiveness within and thus the profitability of a competitor in the Tourism, Leisure and the Hospitality industry. From the guidance provided in the Five Factor Model recommendations are made to enhance and refine this industry. Porters Five Factor Model The five forces that impact on the competitiveness which are outlined in the Porters 1980 work are: the barriers to entry, threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of the buyers and sellers, and the rivalry among existing competitors. In considering these factors in light of the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry, the theory provides the best means for analysis. According to Porter each of the above factors has a difference in relevance or impacts differently on the businesses so they are presented below in order of impact. Porter (1980) indicated that the most important determinant of a marketplaces profit potential is the intrinsic power of the buyers and the sellers. Threat of Substitute Goods In the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry there is usually higher chances to start a new business and progress successfully. The firms appear in all price ranges, with variations in the levels of service and the amenities. The constant challenge will always be to get the customers to choose your services over the competitor. With the technological advancements the internet makes the overall market to be more efficient while expanding the size of the potential market and creating the new substitution threats. Given the potency of this industry a superb strategic plan is vital. The threat is that another firm chain may erode the customer base with a newly formulated internet approach or the marketing campaign. According to Porter the development of a value chain process analysis, supported by the collaborative event management, the structuring and sharing of the customer focused value chain data, powerfully enhances the performance of the value chains and of the electronic commerce. Bargaining Power of Buyers Business persons choosing a firm for business in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry are the savvy consumers and they are at par with the changes in the ability of their consumers. It has become very simple for the consumers to go online and survey on the best firm that offers great services. They no longer need the assistance from the travel agents, the corporate travel consultants or the middle men of any kind to determine where they will get their services. Porters model predicts the ability of the buyers bargaining power to elimination the intermediaries. The Tourists who are the major consumers in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry are more and more capable of making use of the technological advancements in the means of communication such as the internet to increase their bargaining power thereby creating the fulfillment of Porters model. Due to the increased bargaining power of the consumers, they are finding internet businesses websites which will negotiate or discover the bargains for them. These processes shifts the bargaining power to the end user as it had been predicted by the Porter model and these buyer freedom reduces the cost of switching so that the loyalty to a single firm is a thing of the past unless the particular firm uses its one time opportunity when the customer sticks to the firm it deeply impress other customers with a very unique and valuable differentiator. The Rivalry among existing competitors The rivalry amongst the competitors in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry is fierce. When the potential customers learn about a hotel on line, the internet reduces the differences amongst the competitors. Business people tend to seek the best prices for the best experience and the tendency is to reduce the prices to a competitive level. This industry covers wide area so the market is widened which increases the number of the competitors. For example, someone who wants to spend the day in the historic site can easily choose a tourist firm in the nearby town if the amenities or the prices are low. The Variable and fixed costs can be different in the areas which are more expensive to live. Barriers to Entry The initial investments in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry creates quite a barrier to the entry but certain barriers to entering the tourism market are reduced by the internet. The presence on many efficient communication channels reduces the upstart marketing costs somewhat, and gives the new competitors the access to the potential suppliers and the resources. Even a starter in the industry can use the channels of large chains to understand the key marketing concepts and the lures for the customers. A vital barrier is the differentiation. A firm that can successfully differential itself by the location, service, amenities or other quality has the greatest potential to attract and keep the clients. Another barrier to entry into business in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry would be the expertise. Unfortunately, in a mobile society employees can leave one firm chain to work in another and they take that expertise in terms of the training given or the experience with them. It is in the areas of expertise and of differentiation that a firm can make the greatest impacts on its clients and thereby on the bottom line. Many established tourism, leisure and Hospitality companies have the synergies between their established business and business channels. Bargaining power of the suppliers This is not a substantial threat in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry it can have the impacts especially in the area of the suppliers. The employees to the firms are the major suppliers, the bargaining power of the labor supply is higher when there are fewer people to fill service section of the industry, and the firms can attract excellent staff and create a chance for providing excellent and exceptional experiences to their clientele. As part of their strategy all the firm chains should have section employee recruitment. The other supplies that are needed by hotels are also easier to attain through internet channels whether originated by the supplier or by the hotel chain. With their products in the greater demand by greater numbers of the firms the suppliers gain more measure of power by competition for their offerings. Findings about the industry All of the firms in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry can benefit from Porters model of analysis because of the applications that produce greater value in the value chain, the industry is dominated by a few large companies. They have the greatest market shares and in most cases they influence the structure and shaping of the industry. The firms planning sector can benefit from analysis. They usually aim at making the profit and are usually commercial companies. When they fail to make a profit over a long period of time they are likely to cease trading. These include the parks, restaurants, tour operators and the travel agents. The Human resources can be managed by the analysis as part of the overall strategy as well as the provision for self service personnel and benefits, Value can be increased by standardizing the firms across multiple locations, forming knowledge directories, and allowing real time access to the resources by the consumers. , every firm could benefit by controlling and forecasting systems with suppliers as explained by Porter. These improvements can also lead to greater profitability (Porter, 1980) Each type of firm needs to identify its unique strengths and the target market and align its strategy to support their identity, the firms chains choose to be low cost, or to command the premium price. Distinguishing a firm from the competition becomes vital. This can easily be enhanced by porters model, through the superior inputs, through better training of the staff as part of the supplier or through the better management. Differentiation adds value which makes it hard to maintain the distinctive strategic positions of a firm because it eases change to best practices and it improves the operational effectiveness. These distinctions make the business more profitable. The firms in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry are fragmented. Therefore there is need for a strategy which makes it easier for consumers from far and wider areas to learn about the firms or to order for the services, the consumers must still access the services. It more likely for the profitability to be there for when process is easy to transact and complete. Porter points out similar examples within the industries. Dealing directly is great for the firms. Other than travel agencies who arranged hotel stays the tourism business has always been a face to face business and this normally sustains the economic value of the transactions. For all of the firms chains the porters model complements rather than cannibalizing the established ways of doing business. Hence it becomes a link in the value chain. Conclusion Whether a firm or its chain is well established or brand new, the underlying forces of competition will include: the threat of substitution, bargaining power of the buyers, the intensity of rivalry among competitors, the barriers to entry for new competitors, and the bargaining power of the suppliers helps to determine the profitability shapes its internet presence. When combined, these factors determine the economic value and even the survival. The porters model of industrial analysis provides the opportunities for the companies to communicate and establish the unique or distinctive positions for the businesses. In the case of tourism firms this is crucial. The Porters five factor model helps to understand the rise of new ideas and the business firms in the context of the bargaining power of the Buyers. It helps in the understanding of what factors drives the businesses to differentiate themselves. It also helps in explaining why the labor may have greater bargaining power in the firms under the tourism industry; Porters concept of the Bargaining power of Suppliers determines the strength of the industry. In reviewing the strategies of firm chains, differentiation is the key component. Some firms have chosen to differentiate by location and by very luxurious experience. Others have differentiated themselves by standardization means and by the price. The firms strategies must align with their business strategy in order to produce the desired profitability; Porters model leads the way of outlining the issues and the dangers which are inherent in each force. In this paper, the recommendations for successful industrial analysis are made based on Porters model and the implementation of its suggestions could ensure a greater or continued profitability at the time planning and the structuring. This includes not only the customer interaction but also the applications in a variety of areas such as supply chain, the financial and Human Resources to increase the value chain. For the final analysis, however, Porter makes it clear that the model can add value when it is used in conjunction with other good business strategies. Should Schools Have a Uniform Policy? Should Schools Have a Uniform Policy? Aj Romero Mr.Dewalt Should school dress codes be enforced in public and private schools? Personally, I believe they shouldnt be allowed. Telling students what and what not to wear takes away our right to self expression, freedom to follow our free will, and our freedom of choices. We all have a right to express individuality and show our true selves. There shouldnt be a rule that takes away personal style. Its the people that decide what to wear as a show of personality and style, not the school. Having a school uniform to reduce problems of violating the school dress code, reduces our individual right to liberty and self expression. If it were up to me, I would stand up in front of the school board or maybe even try to organize a student strike against it. Liberty, the act of   following ones own free will; freedom of choices, and self determination. The people have the right to choose what we want to wear to school, and we automatically show our personality whether other people like it or not. Also, school uniforms can be very expensive, limit the students choices (procon.org) . A lot of school uniforms are uncomfortable to most students and rather than reducing bullying, they can cause more bullying. In 1999, a study conducted by experts showed an increase in bullying incidents by as much as 12% after the implementation of uniform wearing. (listland.com). Domestic tranquility; having peace in the U.S., harmony among people and states. There are many people in the world who have a common interest in different styles and brands. When people share common interests, they become closer friends. They stand out together. When school uniforms are enforced, those close relationships fade and the teen community is bland. These uniforms can also affect ones self image. Students who are not required to wear uniforms demonstrated high self-perception scores. That means those students have a better view of self image compared to those who wear a school uniform (listland.com). Many schools use school uniforms as discipline to control behavior and promote conventional gendered dress. The general welfare, the well being of the people; basic needs met; health and prosperity, security; comfort and happiness. The students of America should at least feel comfortable in what they wear to school, and should be happy to wear what they want. If you were to ask a student who wears a school uniform, they will most likely tell you they are boring not just because of their colors, but also for the patterns, often in plaid or checkered. (listland.com). There is not a single child that actually enjoys wearing the same uniform day after day to school. For one, they are very uncomfortable; two, they are boring, and three; they are just disliked in general. Although school uniforms are very much disliked, they do show respect, a sense of belonging to a school, and also shows were all in this together (listland.com). The biggest thing a child, teen, and anybody needs to learn, is the ability to have and show respect to one another. A uniform shows a sense of pride and belonging to a school. When other people see the kids wearing them, they envision unity. If you asked an adult instead of a child, they may tell you they are indeed for school uniforms because they show unity and pride. Another thing about the uniforms, they keep students focused on education rather than clothing (thegaurdian.com) If it were up to me, I would do anything I could to organize a school strike against the application of school uniforms. I would also stand in front of the school board and state my opinion on why they shouldnt be used. There is only so much a single person can do to stop something but if a group of students did something, the effect would be momentous School uniforms show conformity rather than individuality. The uniform itself will potentially cost more than your traditional clothing. Even if school uniforms were enforced, the students should have a choice in what the uniform looks like. We as Americans and U.S citizens have a right to expression and that right is taken from us with the use of said uniforms. Forcing students to wear something they dont want to causes discomfort, and can be detrimental to adult development. Growing up is more important than being in discomfort. Works Cited 1. Learningin21. Learningin21. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2016. 2. @ListLand. Top 10 Reasons School Uniforms Should Be Banned. Top 10 Lists ListLandcom. N.p., 2016. Web. 02 Oct. 2016. 3. Should Students Have to Wear School Uniforms? School Uniforms ProCon.org. ProConorg Headlines. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2016. 4. Whats the Point of School Uniforms? The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2016.

Second World War Music Propaganda Music Essay

Second World War Music Propaganda Music Essay From Wilhelm Richard Wagner to Irving Berlin, the music of World War II was used on both sides of the conflict to gain support at home and give a feeling of patriotism and boost morale. Interestingly, it was also used as a vehicle to express a vision of government, to attract the enemy troops to propaganda, and encourage the home troops as well. Looking at the music of this time provides insight into the attitudes and cultural tone of the political leaders to all different levels of society Adolf was a fanatical admirer of Wagner since his teens. His passion for Wagner knew no bounds and a performance was almost like a religious experience to the young Adolph. Adolph was carried away by Wagners powerful musical dramas, the evocation of a heroic, sublimely and distant mystical Germanic past. Adolphs first and favorite Wagner opera was Lohengrin, which is the saga of a knight of the grail, the epitome of the Teutonic hero, who was sent from the castle of Monsalvat by his father Parzival to rescue Elsa who had been wrongly condemned, but ended up betraying her. Adolphs philosophy was built upon the works of Wagner which can be seen in his statement These criminals who wanted do away with me have no idea what would happen to the German people, they dont know the plans of our enemies, who want to annihilate Germany so that it never can rise again. If they think that the western powers are strong enough without Germany to hold Bolshevism in check, they are deceiving themselvesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I am the only one who knows the danger, and the only one who can prevent it. The author Ian Kershaw sums up Adolphs statement Such sentiments were redolent, through a distorting mirror, of the Wagnerian redeemer-figure, a hero who alone could save the holders of the Grail, indeed the world itself from disaster a latter-day Parsifal. (Page 851). Adolph thought he could save Germany and the world, but how wrong he was in his thinking that he was an epic hero. As fascinated with Wagner as Adolph was One cannot help but wonder what Richard Wagner would have thought about Adolf Hitler, one of his all-time biggest fans! (Ferguson). Would Wagner consider Adolph and epic hero? One has to think not, but one could be wrong. German Songs Due to Hitlers fascinating with Wagner and especially the Germanic culture that Wagner promoted, the Nazis took a strong interest in promoting the music and culture of their remote ancestors through the use of radio and at the same time promote their propaganda. As with most dictatorial governments the Nazis had an obsession with controlling and promoting the culture of the people and as a result the common peoples taste in music was kept secret, but many Germans were able to use their radios to listen to Jazz which was hated by Hitler but loved by the world. Soldiers in the German army were expected to learn a repertoire of marching songs and traditional songs that they could perform on demand. (Les Cleveland page 8). Which is a type of propaganda. One of the most popular songs of World War Two was Lili Marlene which was popular with both the German and British forces. Based on the German poem Das Mà ¤dchen unter der Laterne which was set to music in 1938. The song was recorded in both German and English versions. German English Vor der Kaserme vor dem großen Tor stand eine Lanterne und steht sie nach davor so wollen wir da uns wieder sehen bei der Lanterne wollen wir stehen wie einst Lili Marlen Unsere beide Schatten sahen wir einer aus daß wir so lieb uns hatten daß gleich man daraus und alle Leute sollen es sehen wie einst Lili Marlen Schon rief der Posten, sie blasen zapfenstreich es kann drei Tage kosten Kamrad, ich komm so gleich da sagten wir auf wiedersehen wie gerne wollt ich mit dir gehen mit dir Lili Marlen Deine Schritte kennt sie, deine Zierengang alle abend brennt sie, doch mich vergaß sie lang und sollten mir ein leids geschehen wer wird bei der Lanterne stehen mit dir Lili Marlen? Aus dem Stillen raume, aus der erder Grund heßt mich wie un Traà ¼me dein verliebster Mund wenn sich die Spaten nebel drehn werdich bei der Lanterne stehen wie einst Lili Marlen Underneath the lantern by the barrack gate, Darling I remember the way you used to wait, Twas there that you whispered tenderly, That you loved me, Youd always be, My Lili of the lamplight, My own Lili Marlene. Time would come for roll call, Time for us to part, Darling Id caress you and press you to my heart, And there neath that far off lantern light, Id hold you tight, Wed kiss good-night, My Lili of the lamplight, My own Lili Marlene. Orders came for sailing somewhere over there, All confined to barracks was more than I could bear; I knew you were waiting in the street, I heard your feet, But could not meet, My Lili of the lamplight, My own Lili Marlene. Resting in a billet just behind the line, Even thowere parted your lips are close to mine; You wait where that lantern softly gleams, Your sweet face seems to haunt my dreams, My Lili of the lamplight, My own Lili Marlene. Due to the popularity of the song it was used throughout the war not only as a popular song, but a propaganda tool. The best understanding of German Music from World War Two has to come from official Nazi government policy. Regrettably as the losers in the war, Nazi songs and German music from this time period has not been assigned the high heroic status as have British and American popular music of this time period. British Songs Although First World War poets [Rupert Brooke, Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon] are often presented as the literature of wartime, popular songs were important in keeping up morale.   Those from World War II have become especially well known. Some songs were overtly nationalistic, such as ThereHYPERLINK #There%27ll%20Always%20Be%20An%20EnglandHYPERLINK #There%27ll%20Always%20Be%20An%20Englandll Always Be An England. Other music was popular because it evoked emotional states common in wartime, for instance a sense of nostalgic sadness and loss. ( Modern History Sourcebook: Therell Always Be An England and other War Music.) Without question the most popular vocalist of World War Two would be Vera Lynn who sang almost ever well known war time tune in her concerts including Lili Marlene and Therell always be an England but her best know songs were Well meet again and White cliffs of Dover. These songs just give a hint of the differing varieties of wartime songs, other popular music genres included music with lush instrumental compositions as well as just silly songs. American Songs During the war, many people in the US and Great Britain found an escape by listening to the radio. Hit songs were a nice form of catharsis for the public; the lyrics were often about situations the average person could relate to, and it helped the listeners to feel that they were not alone. So, naturally, songwriters wanted to provide music that would be uplifting, encouraging, and of course, patriotic American Songs. A list notable songs of World War Two from America would have to include hits such as Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy which was composed by Don Raye and Hughie Prince and was recorded on January 2, 1941, nearly a year before the United States entered the war The storyline of the song told about, a renowned Illinois street musician is drafted into the United States Army during the draft. In addition to being famous, the bugler was the top man at his craft, but the Army had little use for his talents and he was reduced to blowing Reveille in the morning, which caused the musician to become dejected. Other hits were: Dont Sit Under The Apple Tree (With Anyone Else But Me), Ill Be Home For Christmas, Juke Box Saturday Night, Kiss The Boys Goodbye , Praise The Lord And Pass The Ammunition, and God Bless America which was written by Irving Berlin in 1918 but made famous by Kate Smith in an Armistice Day radio broadcast in 1938. This list could go on with all the notable songs from this time period but space and time will not permit. Conclusion Music goes much deeper, and reaches into our psyches for reasons other than its initial sound. Music evokes emotions of patriotism, fear, jubilation, sadness and many more emotions. As well as invoking emotional responses, music is used as a propaganda tool to get people fired up for a certain cause whether in war or even politics. Was the music of World War Two patriotic or was it propaganda, or was it both? It all depends from which side you view the question. Usually the winning sides music was patriotic and the losers propaganda In closing Susan Burns states from the article War, music, and evolution. No doubt, its dismaying to realize that warfare is so deeply a part of our makeup that well never have the war to end all wars. Those war songs touch a deep, dark chord. Yet, I consider myself better off for having this perspective on warfare.(Burns 2003). What kind of music will be used as patriotic music in the next major war? What music will be used as a propaganda tool? We may have to wait for the answers to these questions, but one thing is certain, as with all past wars, music will have an influence.

The Worries Of Aging :: essays research papers

T. S. Eliot's poem 'The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock'; is quite a lengthy poem for the novice poetry reader, which consists of some 130 lines. Yet, it is the poem's mass that enables the rookie to discern the theme at length. In the beginning and later towards the ending of the poem, the narrator seems to be daydreaming, using a lot of imagery to portray fun or pretty places of solitude, which makes the stanzas ambiguous. In the center of the poem the narrator describes his human feelings towards the surrounding people and objects; here is where a logical connection can be grasped. The narrator is preoccupied with the passing of time and often thinks of tranquil, imaginary places to elude his plaguing thoughts of social ostracism. The theme of this poem, suggesting from the era of time and the narrator's tone, is that age is a burden and man is deeply troubled by it. The author is stating the trouble the narrator is having dealing with middle age and the inhibition to communicate. There are several meanings in the poem that suggest this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eliot uses the words, 'And how should I begin?'; and 'How should I presume?'; repetitiously. This shows the narrator is unconfident with himself mentally and physically. Lines 41 and 44, '(They will say: 'How his hair is growing thin!';)';, and '(They will say: 'But how his arms and legs are thin!';)'; indicates he is terrified of what will happen if people see his balding head or his slim and aging body. He feels that people will think he is old and useless and that they will talk about him behind his back. Another suggestion of aging and how it anguishes the emotions is the stereotype old men have of faltering when trying to communicate ideas with people. The repetition of words the narrator uses like 'vision and revision';, illustrates his feelings of inadequacy in communicating with the people around him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moreover, his insecurity and low self-esteem obscures his love life greatly. It hinders him from doing the things he wishes to do. The woman he is in love with is younger than he is and this is emotionally painful for him. He does not believe that some younger women could possibly accept him or find him attractive. To express any kind of affection or attraction toward her is awkward and difficult for him. Lines 79-80, 'Should I, after tea and cakes and ices, have the strength to force the moment to its crisis?

Analysis of Ophelia from Hamlet Essay -- Hamlet William Shakespeare Op

Analysis of Ophelia from Hamlet Ophelia is gentle, loving and beautiful. She is also obedient to her father and loyal to her family and it is this which draws her into the circle of disaster and leads to her "untimely death". She is deeply in love with Hamlet and believes his "tenders" to be sincere, but her obedience to both her father and her brother must come first. Laertes tells her to beware of Hamlet's interest as it is driven by lust, not love. He also points out the difference in their background and rightly concludes that Hamlet is not in a position, as heir to the throne to choose freely who he will marry. Polonius is also scornful of Hamlet's motives and concerned that he will be discredited by Ophelia's conduct. His command to her not to see Hamlet again is brutal, as is his decision to use her as a decoy to sound out the reason for Hamlet's eccentric behaviour. The fact that she obeys would be quite understandable to Shakespeare's audience, if not to a present day one, since filial obedience was a fundamental part of the life of the time. Note also how differently Laertes is treated by his father, compared to the lack of regard shown to Ophelia by Polonius. Women had little status, and Ophelia's wishes are not considered at any time. Torn apart as she is by divided loyalty it is no wonder that the strain on her eventually leads to her madness and subsequent death. That she loves Hamlet is without question. She is distraught when she observes his behaviour before the nunnery scene, and after his savage rejection of her in that scene she laments his "noble mind..here o'erthrown" She also grieves for herself, "Oh woe is me, t'have seen what I have seen, see what I see." She is sophisticated enough to understand the ways of the world, too, as we see in her dialogue with Hamlet before the mousetrap play, when she obviously understands the meaning of his bawdy remarks, and also in her quick understanding of her brother's likely conduct when he is away at school. Her madness is triggered by loss of her father, murdered by Hamlet, whom she also believes to be mad. The pathos of the mad scene is emphasised by the language of loss in some of the songs she sings and the overt sexuality of others. In fact the sentiments of Ophelia for Hamlet in the nunnery scene, are, ironically applicable to herself later in the play. Her story paralle... ... Claudius uses these lines to lead Laertes into a plan to kill Hamlet, asking him what will he do to prove his love for his father in ActIV, scene vii. Hamlet comes back; what would you undertake to show yourself in deed your father’s son more than in more than words? It can be easily seen how Laertes, influenced by Claudius in the heat of his anger, could conspire to murder Hamlet and it is in this attempt that Laertes loses his own life to the very poison he kills Hamlet with. Once again, a member of Polonius’ family loses their life as a result of a conflict that they are oblivious to, making Laertes’ death a tragedy as well. Contrary to popular belief, the tragedy associated with Hamlet is not about Hamlet or his family. It is, however , about the tragic fate of Polonius’ family , whose deaths are not the result of any sins they omit but by their being manipulated by Hamlet and Claudius for reasons they are unaware of. Although the death of Polonius’ family stands out as being the most tragic, many other characters in the story are killed as well. In fact, the death of a character in Hamlet almost becomes commonplace near the end of the play.

Role of Youths in Nation Building

â€Å"Youth is that spark which needs no ignition†. Youth is that clay which can be molded in either shape one wants. This is the sole reason for both exploitation and utilization of youth in the destruction and construction of any nation respectively. youth is not given a proper chance to prove their potentials in countries like ours, but,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The young†Ã‚  , according to Pearl S.Buck, (a Nobel Laureate in literature)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"do not know enough to be prudent, and therefore they attempt the impossible, and achieve it, generation after generation†. this single quotation of her is sufficient to motivate the whole nation? Or do we still need motivational quotes like the one above to recall our own potentials to attempt the impossible and achieve the success? It seems highly surprising that,  we, the youth fail to display the same enthusiasm in nation’s building which we often display for getting ahead in traffic?Have we really forgotten our responsibi lity towards our nation or that we are knowingly skipping the tasks to achieve development? It is observed that, the youth who always fight for enjoying their rights, never wish to take up the pains of responsibility. According to me, Indian youth is socially responsible and moreover is working complicatedly to see India attain the developed status.Many educated youth had already realized the necessity of utilizing their skills for the betterment of the society but at the same time, the youth is also misguided to a larger extent by some evil sources making them irresponsible towards the society they live in. It is pathetic but true that, due to many –a-problems that exists in today’s world, youth is highly attracted and/or fancied towards evil sources. As a result, a huge destruction is occurring all over. It is true that, youth is highly amendable, but one must show†¦ [continues]

Mbuti Culture

Mbuti Culture Micheal Smith ANT 101 Prof. Tracy Samperio September 24, 2012 Mbuti Culture Mbuti primary mode of subsistence is Foraging. A forager lives as hunter and gatherer. The Mbuti hunt and gather food from the forest, and they trade as well for survival. They are referred as hunter-gatherer. They are a small band of kinship groups that are mobile. All foraging communities value their lifestyle. The Mbuti show how their kinships, beliefs and values, and economic organization are the key for their forager culture. In the forager societies kinship is one of the key importance of the lifestyle.Mbuti are called the people of the forest, who believe they are the children of the forest. Their beliefs and values are very important to their culture also. The forager beliefs are that every living thing has a spirit (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The Mbuti beliefs are that the forest is for helping and giving thanks through their ritual ceremonies ( Mosko, pg. 897). Forager see working togethe r and sharing is the way to economic organization. The Mbuti has the same way to keep their economic organization working right. The Mbuti way of living shows team work instead of individual wealth.The foraging societies believe family, marriage and kinship, gender, and age are the key principle of social organization (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The Mbuti are forest people. Their kinship is small and have different one throughout their band. They look to choose a partner, than start a family. The most common type of family in foraging societies is nuclear family (Nowak and Laird, 2010), which the Mbuti have also. In choosing a partner, there are some rules and understanding they have to meet. With the foraging societies, choosing a partner, they have to understand; they cannot have sexual intercourse until married and cannot arry within certain kin. That means intermediate family. Once the Mbuti culture has chosen a partner and got marry; sexual intercourse can occur also. Ideally, mar ital love-making should take place in the forest, but it may also occur in the couple own hut (Mosko, pg. 899). The women that is married should have intercourse during menstruate cycle. This is how they conceive and start a family. The Mbuti common type of family is the nuclear family, just like most foraging societies. A nuclear family is composed of a mother and father and their children (Nowak and Laird, 2010).The forager societies feel nuclear family adaptive to various situations that is why it is common (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The Mbuti are composed of bands which are multifamily groups. The bands are small groups of nuclear family, which changes every time they move. Sometime the bands are composed of a few extended families, each consisting of a nuclear family with married children, their spouses, and offspring (Nowak and Laird, 2010). Such a band composition works best in terms of cooperation and sharing (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The Mbuti bands establish a camp in the for est.The nuclear families of the bands arrange their separate huts roughly in a circle around a central hearth (Mosko, pg. 903). The bands are what make up the Mbuti kinship. The forager society’s beliefs and values may be different but have the same meaning. Like stated before, they believe that every living thing has a spirit (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The Mbuti main beliefs and values are the forest, avoiding violence, and their leisure time. The Mbuti see the forest as a symbol of their beliefs and values. The forest is a thing that has a spirit which helps them. They give thanks to the forest by ritual ceremonies.The forest also plays an important part in the Mbuti pregnancy. â€Å"Forest† itself, for virtually everything in Mbuti culture is related to the one idea (Mosko, pg. 897). The Mbuti do not believe the forest is a simple idea; they describe it as â€Å"lover†, â€Å"God of the Hunt†, and â€Å"God of the Forest†, for some examples (Mosko , pg. 897). The forest is what the Mbuti base their lifestyles on. Foraging Societies try to avoid violence by working hard and dealing with other cultures like them. They work hard to feed their families. They value the idea of a family and working together. That is why their leisure time is so important.Leisure time is used to spend time with the kin and friends, the foraging societies believe (Nowak and Laird, 2010). They work hard to find food and hunt for a couple of days and rest of the time is for leisure activities. The Mbuti have ritual that they do during their leisure time. They have a ceremony called molimo. It is performed by the men and is associated with singing and the use of a trumpet called the molimo (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The molimo ceremony used the molimo, a strictly forest institution, which young men are initiated after they have become successful hunters (Lee, pg. 44). This is how most of the leisure time goes to, the family. The forager culture has high v alue for working together and sharing (Nowak and Laird, 2010). Those values show how their economic organization works wells. They see economic importance as cultural tradition. This is how they survive also. It is easy for forager to move place to place because they don’t have many material items. That is what makes the exchange process so easy also. The reciprocal economic systems are a form of exchange of goods and services that occurs between members of a kinship group (Nowak and Laird, 2010).Foraging societies has a similar way of using this system. The amount of food and other resources occur immediately because they are mobile (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The exchange process is what keeps them going. Even though they are mobile, they can use the environment to storage material. The Mbuti are forager and show most of the forager society’s way of living. The Mbuti has showed how their kinships, beliefs and values, and economic organization is the key for their forage r culture. Reference Nowak, B. & Laird, P. (2010). Cultural Anthropology. Bridgepoint education, Inc. Retrieved from: http://content. ashford. eduThe Symbols of â€Å"Forest†: A Structural Analysis of Mbuti Culture and Social Organization Mark S. Mosko American Anthropologist , New Series, Vol. 89, No. 4 (Dec. , 1987), pp. 896-913 Published by: Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/677863 The Mbuti Pygmies: An Ethnographic Survey by Colin M. Turnbull Review by: Richard B. Lee American Anthropologist , New Series, Vol. 69, No. 2 (Apr. , 1967), pp. 243-244 Published by: Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/669466